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Research Fundamentals: An HIV Vaccine — What’s the challenge and what’s the science?

Some vaccines are easier to develop than others. COVID-19 vaccines were developed with unprecedented speed, taking a matter of months to become available. A measles vaccine took about 10 years to develop. But the field’s been working on an HIV vaccine for 40 years.
In this episode, AVAC’s Jeanne Baron and co-host immunologist Katharine Kripke of AVENIR Health explore why HIV is different with two experts on vaccine research: Caltech’s Pamela Bjorkman and IAVI’s Vincent Kioi.
Learn how HIV has evolved like no other virus today to escape detection by the immune system. Learn why the right target on HIV is so hard to reach and how scientists are tackling it all.
Previous Research Fundamentals
More Vaccine Resources
Time to Develop a Vaccine
We know that an AIDS vaccine is possible and that a vaccine will be an important part of a long-term strategy to end the AIDS epidemic. The road ahead is long, but clinical trials—even those with disappointing results—and early-stage research provide critical clues to the way forward. This graphic is excerpted from Vaccines by the Numbers: Trials, discoveries, money and more.
Phase 1 mRNA HIV Vaccine Trials
A breakdown of current HIV mRNA trials and a primer on the basics of mRNA technology.
Experimental mRNA-based Preventive HIV Vaccine Phase 1 Trials
The NIH announced a new study to test three mRNA-based HIV vaccine candidates. This study follows an announcement in January from IAVI about another mRNA-based HIV vaccine study. This snapshot compares the two studies.
Research Fundamentals: What is an endpoint?

The next installment of our Px Pulse series Research Fundamentals, explaining key concepts in HIV prevention research, is up. In this episode, Px Pulse host Jeanne Baron and Matthew Rose, a veteran HIV advocate and now Director at Global Health Strategies, look at endpoints in research.
Endpoints are a crucial component in every clinical trial but they are not always well understood. In addition, advocates can and should play a role, reviewing endpoints and interrogating how well the trial will serve communities that need HIV prevention.
Joining us to explore all this are:
- Dave Glidden, Professor of Epidemiology & Bio-statistics at UC San Francisco
- Erica Lessem, Senior Strategist for NYC Dept. of Health and Mental Hygiene, former Deputy Executive Director, Treatment Action Group
- Meagan O’Brien, Senior Medical Director of Early Clinical Development & Clinical Experimental Sciences at Regeneron
Listen to learn how endpoints are used in clinical research, why they change overtime, and what matters most about endpoints for advocates and researchers alike.
HIV Vaccines: The basics
This introductory PowerPoint slide set reviews basic concepts, and provides an overview of research status and recent developments.
HIV Vaccine Research: Building on the Lessons from COVID
Building on the lessons of COVID, HIV vaccine advocates can mobilize for an HIV vaccine research and access agenda. This two-page document gives suggested messaging.
Essential Principles & Practices for GPP Compliance: Engaging stakeholders in biomedical research during the era of COVID-19
This document is a new tool to help guide stakeholder engagement in COVID-19 research. Built from the Good Participatory Practice Guidelines for Biomedical HIV Prevention Trials (GPP), this document responds to needs expressed by both researchers and advocates as the world watched COVID-19 research progress with unprecedented speed and urgency.
Biomedical HIV Prevention Trials: Results, milestones and more
This graphic shows the updated status of large-scale prevention trials through 2022 and the impact of COVID-19 on each trial.
Another version of this graphic is available here (same content, different visual Treatment U=U).