The US government shutdown that began at midnight on October 1 has stalled key public health operations just as the Supreme Court issued a ruling in AVAC v. Department of State that allowed $4 billion dollars in foreign aid to expire, eroding both health and human services and constitutional checks and balances. Meanwhile, Jeanne Marrazzo was officially fired as Director of NIAID, underscoring how politically motivated attacks on science are dismantling the infrastructure that has underpinned decades of progress in HIV prevention and research. 

US Government Shuts Down as Federal Funding Expires

At midnight on October 1, US federal funding expired and a government shutdown began after Congress failed to agree to pass a Fiscal Year 2026 (FY26) budget or even a temporary continuing resolution. The shutdown is largely rooted in disagreements over healthcare policy, especially access to healthcare coverage under the Affordable Care Act and Medicaid. The shutdown means “nonessential” federal work is stopped, including many public health operations. Approximately 750,000 federal employees are furloughed, including 40% of Health and Human Services (HHS) staff. CDC disease surveillance is disrupted, many NIH clinical trials are on hold, as is NIH grantmaking and basic research. Many PEPFAR staff have been furloughed as well, but essential “lifesaving” work is continuing. 

IMPLICATIONS: The shutdown further destabilizes the US health system and public health infrastructure already weakened by deep cuts. It now comes against the backdrop of a Presidential administration that is using official federal agency websites and social media as propaganda to blame Democrats for the crisis, while the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) director openly threatens mass firings across federal agencies, which is part of the Project 2025 vision he led. For the global health field, the situation highlights how fragile US commitments have become, with billions in foreign aid still frozen and HIV research and prevention programs facing uncertainty. Beyond the immediate loss of services, intimidation tactics on display during this crisis threaten to erode trust and stall science, which will extend beyond the US with consequences for health and human services worldwide. 

READ:  

• Shutdown Halts Some Health Services as Political Risks Test Parties’ Resolve—KFF  
• What happens now that the government has shut down. And, a pricing deal with Pfizer—NPR  
• The Supreme Court’s newest decision could make it impossible to end the shutdown—Vox  

US Supreme Court Grants Administration Request to Keep Foreign Aid Frozen as Clock Runs Out 

Just prior to the US government shutdown, the US Supreme Court (SCOTUS) handed down a decision in AVAC v. Department of State and Global Health Council v. Trump cases, challenging the foreign aid freeze. In a 6-3 decision by emergency order, the court granted the Administration’s request to not spend $4 billion of Congressionally appropriated foreign assistance funds before they expired on September 30, as required by law. This means that, despite the law, and a lower court order, those funds remain unspent. In its statement, AVAC’s Executive Director, Mitchell Warren, warned that the ruling gave the Administration a “free pass” to block disbursement of foreign aid, citing devastation with clinic closures, disruptions in essential services, and lives lost. Moreover, Warren said the ruling undermines constitutional checks on presidential power. “This is beyond foreign assistance; the Court’s decision is a chilling one for anyone who cares about the US Constitution.” In a dissent from the three other Justices, Justice Kagan cautioned that the stakes are too consequential to be decided through emergency orders without full briefing and oral argument and argued that the Administration has not met the stringent standards for such relief. 

IMPLICATIONS: While the SCOTUS ruling is not a final judgment, it signals a willingness to allow the President and the Executive branch to withhold funds that Congress has appropriated, potentially whenever it chooses. If unchecked, this precedent could erode the checks and balances that constrain executive overreach and jeopardize not only global health funding but every area of federal spending. 

READ:  

• Supreme Court Allows Trump to Slash Foreign Aid—New York Times 
• The Supreme Court Just Rewrote the Constitution to Give Trump Terrifying New Powers—Slate  
• Trump’s USAID pause stranded lifesaving drugs. Children died waiting.—Washington Post  

Jeanne Marrazzo Fired from NIAID 

Jeanne Marrazzo, former Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), was terminated on October 1 by Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. after being placed on administrative leave in April. This comes 22 days after Marrazzo and former Fogarty International Center’s director, Kathy Neuzil, filed a whistleblower complaint with the Office of Special Counsel. In her complaint, Marrazzo detailed the Administration’s unlawful cancellation of critical research grants, politicization of science, hostility toward vaccines, and censorship of research. Marrazzo’s lawyers claim that her firing was an act of clear retaliation for her defense of scientific integrity and public health research. Marrazzo succeeded Anthony Fauci as the director of the NIAID in 2023. 

IMPLICATIONS: The Office of Special Counsel has been severely weakened by the Administration as have other oversight mechanisms- leaving few pathways for federal scientists and other federal employees to resist politically motivated attacks on research. Holding federal offices accountable to standards of practice that protect the scientific enterprise from political and ideological gamesmanship is essential. Without those standards enforced, decades of progress in science and research are at risk. Marrazzo’s dismissal represents another blow to the independence of US science agencies.  

READ: 

• After months in limbo, four NIH institute directors fired—Science  
• The HHS Officials Being Paid Six Figures to Do Nothing—The Atlantic  
• Dr. Jeanne Marrazzo, former Director of NIAID, is Fired by Health and Human Services Secretary Kennedy in Retaliation for Filing Whistleblower Complaint with the Office of Special Counsel—Katz Banks Kumin press release  

FOLLOWING: The US May Expand Mexico City Policy / Global Gag Rule 

According to the Daily Signal, the US Department of State plans to extend the scope of the Global Gag Rule (often referred to as the Mexico City Policy), which is an executive order that restricts foreign non-governmental organizations (NGOs) from receiving US global health assistance if they provide, refer, or advocate for abortion services. The Global Gag Rule first enacted by the Reagan administration, has been rescinded by every Democratic president and put back in place under every Republican president. Reportedly, the language in this latest iteration of the policy would be expanded to also ban US funding for foreign assistance that promotes “gender ideology” or DEI initiatives. The inclusion of gender affirming care and DEI continues this Administration’s ongoing mischaracterization of existing foreign assistance programs, and attacks on programs that are trans inclusive or seek to address racial and gender disparities.  

IMPLICATIONS: This expansion of the Global Gag Rule would fulfill a long-standing conservative goal, explicitly named in Project 2025, to reshape US global public health funding away from evidence-based programs that affirm the needs and dignity of sexual and gender minorities. Turning away from these vulnerable populations further threatens and sets back progress towards ending the global HIV epidemic.   

READ:   

• EXCLUSIVE: Trump Uses Reagan-Era Policy to Ban Taxpayer-Funded Gender-Transition Surgeries—The Daily Signal  
• Trump plans to block funding to groups that promote diversity policies abroad—Politico  

What We’re Reading:

• What if NIH had been 40% smaller?—Science  
• Viewpoint: What we don’t see about vaccines COULD hurt us—CIDRAP  
• Public trust in science has declined since COVID — virologists need to unite around safety standards—Nature  
• The damage done—Nature Medicine 
• The impact of cuts in the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief funding for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in sub-Saharan Africa: a modelling study—Lancet HIV  
• Deal to lower price of new drug is ‘huge moment of hope’ in global HIV prevention—Healthbeat 
• Risks and opportunities’ in US global health strategy—Scidevnet  
• America First, World Adrift: Dispatches from a Fractured UN General Assembly—Lights, Camera, Equity!, Jirar Ratevosian substack  
• The New America First Global Health Strategy: Four Observations—Think Global Health 
• Republicans seek deep cuts to HIV prevention and treatment funding—NBC News  
• Will Health Advocates be Classified as Domestic Terrorists?—To End A Plague Substack
• Trump’s scrutiny of nonprofits escalates, with Soros’ OSF at the center—Devex 
• Reimagining HIV prevention with artificial intelligence—Lancet HIV  
• Meet the AI chatbot that’s talking to young South Africans about sex, HIV and self-harm—Bhekisisa 
• As foreign aid falters, can AI step in?—Devex 

Resources

• NIH FY26 Contingency plans, National Institutes of Health 
• Foreign aid from the United States saved millions of lives each year, Our World in Data 
• Tracking State Actions on Vaccine Policy and Access, KFF